中国云南基层医院远程卒中的有效性和安全性研究

目的远程卒中指导基层医院脑梗死静脉溶栓国外已经很成熟,但国内鲜有报道。该研究以上海九院中心与祥云中心建立7×24小时远程卒中合作,由九院中心指导祥云中心进行脑梗死静脉溶栓。方法利用远程卒中前瞻性收集1年内九院中心与祥云中心急性脑梗死病例,统计其静脉溶栓质控和随访情况,对比两中心静脉溶栓率、3小时静脉溶栓率、就诊到静脉溶栓时间(DTN)、发病到静脉溶栓时间(OTT)、3个月随访改良生活能力评分(mRS)及出血、死亡率。结果远程卒中后1年九院中心静脉溶栓率27. 04%,祥云中心静脉溶栓率7. 73%,差异有统计学意义(P=0. 000)。九院中心DTN为(62. 76±26. 41) min,祥云中心DTN为(70. 55±28. 51) min,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。3个月随访两中心mRS评分、出血和死亡率,差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论远程卒中指导下祥云中心静脉溶栓预后及安全性不差于九院中心,远程卒中是改善农村基层医院静脉溶栓的有效方法之一。     

Cost-effectiveness of stent-retriever thrombectomy in large vessel occlusion strokes of the anterior circulation: Analysis from the French societal perspective

ObjectivesTo determine the cost-effectiveness of stent retriever thrombectomy (SRT) added to standard of care (SOC) in large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes, adopting the French societal perspective given the lack of published studies with such perspective.MethodsWe developed an hybrid model (decision tree until one year post-stroke followed by a Markov model from one year onward). The time horizon was 20 years. We calculated transition probabilities across the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) based on a published meta-analysis. The main outcome measure was quality adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. Resources and input costs were derived from a literature search. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as cost/QALY. We used 1-way deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) to evaluate the model uncertainty.ResultsIn the base-case, adding SRT to SOC resulted in increased effectiveness of 0.73 QALY while total costs were reduced by 3,874€ (ICER of −5,400€/QALY). In the scenario analysis adopting the French healthcare system perspective, the ICER was 4,901€/QALY. Parameters the most influential were the relative risks of SRT over SOC for 90-days mortality and for 90-days mRS 0–2, and the time horizon. PSA showed the 95% confidence interval of the ICER was −21,324 to 4,591€/QALY, with SRT having 85.5% chance to be dominant and 100% to be cost-effective at a threshold of 50,000€/QALY.ConclusionSRT was dominant from a French societal perspective, from 9 years post-stroke onwards. Cost-effectiveness of SRT added to SOC becomes undisputable with evidences from payer and societal viewpoints.     

基于网络药理学和实验验证探讨香菇多糖抑制三阴乳腺癌的作用机制

目的 基于网络药理学研究香菇多糖抑制三阴乳腺癌（TNBC）的作用机制并采用细胞和动物实验进行验证。方法 通过GeneCards数据库和DisGeNET数据库筛选与TNBC相关基因靶点，利用TCMID、PubChem、SwissTargetPrediction和GeneCards数据库查询香菇多糖相关基因靶点。使用Sangerbox软件进行基因本体论（GO）富集和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）通路富集分析。结合STRING数据库与Cytoscape 3.7.0软件将共同靶点进行可视化处理，筛选核心靶点，构建"化合物-靶点-通路"网络。利用Metascape软件进行转录因子及相关调控基因特异富集。体外培养小鼠TNBC细胞4T1和人TNBC细胞MDA-MB-231，磺酰罗丹明B染色法观察香菇多糖（31.25、62.5、125、250、500、1 000μg·mL^-1）对细胞存活率的影响；健康雌性BABLC小鼠sc接种1×10⁶个4T1-Luc细胞构建TNBC模型，通过小动物活体成像系统观察香菇多糖（100、200 mg·kg^-1）对肿瘤生长的影响，实时荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）技术检测肿瘤组织信号转导和转录活化因子3（STAT3）和血管内皮生长因子A （VEGFA） mRNA表达。结果 数据库及软件分析得到香菇多糖治疗TNBC关键靶点52个，靶点主要涉及PI3K-Akt、AGE-RAGE、HIF-1、MAPK信号通路和肿瘤蛋白多糖相关通路，PPI分析得到VEGFA、STAT3、MAPK1、IL2、TNF、RELA、AKT1、MAPK3、BCL2L1和HSP90AA1 10个hub基因。与对照组比较，香菇多糖对4T1和MDA-MB-231细胞存活率均有显著抑制作用（P<0.05、0.01），且作用呈浓度相关性；在给药14、21d后，与模型组比较，香菇多糖能够剂量相关性地抑制小鼠TNBC肿瘤的生长，高剂量组差异显著（P<0.05、0.01），21 d抑制率达到（91.9±4.7）%；与对照组比较，香菇多糖给药后能够剂量相关性抑制STAT3和VEGFA的mRNA表达，高剂量组差异显著（P<0.05、0.01）。结论 香菇多糖可通过多靶点、多途径协同作用抑制TNBC的生长。     

Decoding signaling pathways involved in prolactin-induced neuroprotection: A review

It has been well recognized that prolactin (PRL), a pleiotropic hormone, has many functions in the brain, such as maternal behavior, neurogenesis, and neuronal plasticity, among others. Recently, it has been reported to have a significant role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. Glutamate excitotoxicity is a common alteration in many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, leading to neuronal death. In this sense, several efforts have been made to decrease the progression of these pathologies. Despite various reports of PRL’s neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity, the signaling pathways that underlie this mechanism remain unclear. This review aims to describe the most recent and relevant studies on the molecular signaling pathways, particularly, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and JAK2/STAT5, which are currently under investigation and might be implicated in the molecular mechanisms that explain the PRL effects against excitotoxicity and neuroprotection. Remarkable neuroprotective effects of PRL might be useful in the treatment of some neurological diseases.     

二甲双胍通过激活AMPK/STAT3通路调控巨噬细胞分化抑制小鼠动脉粥样硬化形成

目的 探究二甲双胍(Met)通过腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/信号转导及转录激活因子3(STAT3)信号通路调控巨噬细胞表型对小鼠动脉粥样硬化(As)形成的影响。方法 体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,使用脂多糖促进巨噬细胞分化,同时使用Met刺激细胞。流式细胞术检测不同表型(CD86、CD206)巨噬细胞比例。Western blot检测相关信号通路蛋白诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)、AMPK、磷酸化AMPK(pAMPK)、STAT3、磷酸化STAT3(pSTAT3)蛋白表达水平。高脂饲料喂养ApoE－/－小鼠构建As模型。实验组(Met组)小鼠予Met灌胃干预,对照组(CTL组)小鼠给予同体积生理盐水灌胃干预。3个月后,提取小鼠大动脉全长(头臂干至双侧髂动脉)及主动脉根部,分别行油红O染色和免疫荧光染色,评价主动脉脂质沉积情况和脂质斑块内巨噬细胞不同表型比例。提取大动脉蛋白,Western blot验证相关信号通路的AMPK、pAMPK、STAT3、pSTAT3蛋白表达水平。结果 细胞实验表明,Met刺激后M1巨噬细胞比例明显减少,M2巨噬细胞比例明显增加(P＜0.05),AMPK活性明显增加,而STAT3活性明显下降。动物实验表明,在造模3个月后,油红O染色示Met组小鼠大动脉全长和主动脉瓣膜处脂质沉积均较CTL组明显减少(P＜0.05)；免疫荧光染色示Met组脂质斑块内M1巨噬细胞比例较CTL组明显减少,而M2巨噬细胞比例较CTL组明显增多(P＜0.05)。Western blot实验显示,与CTL组相比,Met组AMPK活性明显增加,而STAT3活性明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论 Met通过激活AMPK抑制STAT3活性,调控斑块内巨噬细胞表型分化,抑制小鼠As形成。     

核因子κB受体活化因子配体和肿瘤坏死因子α经炎性牙周膜干细胞外泌体促进破骨细胞分化

目的　慢性牙周炎表现的病理性骨吸收非常常见，牙周膜干细胞（PDLSCs）的外泌体（Exo）对骨吸收的作用和影响尚不明确，本研究分析了该Exo蛋白组分对破骨细胞分化的影响。方法　分别从正畸前拔牙患者和慢性牙周炎患者的牙周膜组织中提取PDLSCs，通过流式细胞术检测表面标记物；通过差速离心分别提取2种细胞的Exo，即Exo-WT和Exo-CP，并通过Western blot、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、蛋白浓度检测、纳米粒径追踪检测Exo特征；通过蛋白质谱检测2种Exo的蛋白组分；通过酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）验证了差异表达蛋白肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、核因子κB受体活化因子配体（RANKL）、白细胞介素（IL）-1α、转化生长因子β（TGF-β）、骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP-2）表达水平；将10、100、1 000 μg·mL^-1的Exo-CP或Exo-WT加入RAW264.7培养基中并于5 d时通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）、Western blot、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色检测破骨分化相关指标表达情况；采用SPSS 24.0软件对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果　Exo-CP富集的差异表达蛋白主要与破骨细胞分化的TNF信号通路、核转录因子κB（NF-κB）信号通路相关；ELISA实验证实了Exo-CP中高表达TNF-α、RANKL、IL-1α，低表达TGF-β1、BMP-2（P<0.05）；Exo-CP作用于RAW264.7，显著提高了细胞的破骨分化相关基因及蛋白的表达水平，TRAP染色可见分化的破骨细胞，且呈现浓度依赖性，100、1 000 μg·mL^-1浓度Exo-CP对破骨细胞分化的促进作用显著高于10 μg·mL^-1浓度组（P<0.05）。结论　慢性牙周炎的病理性骨吸收可能由炎性PDLSCs所分泌的Exo通过促进破骨细胞分化引起，Exo中主要的作用蛋白可能为RANKL和TNF-α，本研究为慢性牙周炎骨吸收的发病机制提供了新视角。     

Targeting autophagy in colorectal cancer: An update on pharmacological small-molecule compounds

Autophagy, an evolutionarily highly conserved cellular degradation process, plays the Janus role (either cytoprotective or death-promoting) in colorectal cancer, so the targeting of several key autophagic pathways with small-molecule compounds may be a new therapeutic strategy. In this review, we discuss autophagy-associated cell death pathways and key cytoprotective autophagy pathways in colorectal cancer. Moreover, we summarize a series of small-molecule compounds that have the potential to modulate autophagy-associated cell death or cytoprotective autophagy for therapeutic purposes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the Janus role of autophagy in colorectal cancer, and shed new light on the exploitation of a growing number of small-molecule compounds to target autophagy in future cancer drug discovery.